Baliki MN, Geha PY, Fields HL, Apkarian AV
Various markers can be utilized to monitor the state of the ER, with CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) being frequently employed alongside pathways such as PKR-like ER kinase (PERK)-Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 (eIF2)-activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) (59, 60) PA has been associated with ER stress and apoptosis in pancreatic beta cells (61), hepatocytes (62), and neurons (63) through ER stress mechanisms
Last reviewed: May 12, 2026 Last updated: May 12, 2026 Written by: Jay Hastings, CEO of PlexusDx Jay Hastings is the CEO of PlexusDx, a precision health company focused on genetic testing, blood biomarker insights, and personalized wellness recommendations
While side effects are uncommon, allergic reactions may occasionally occur, which is why we recommend this treatment be administered by a board-certified dermatologist